Heat Pump Systems Compare High – Quality Advantages & Disadvantages 2023
There are three types of heat pumps: air-to-air, water source, and geothermal. They collect heat from the air, water, or ground outside your home and concentrate it for use inside. The most common type of heat pump is the air-source heat pump, which transfers heat between your house and the outside air.
Despite their name, heat pumps do a lot more than heating. They also provide air conditioning and humidity control. During the heating season, a heat pump moves heat from the cool outdoors into your home; then during the cooling season, it transfers heat from your house to the warm outdoors. Heat pumps move heat rather than generate it, so they can heat and cool for significantly less cost than other systems, such as furnaces and central air conditioners.
Types of Heat Pumps
There are three main types of heat pumps—air source, split ductless, and geothermal. All heat pump systems should be installed by a professional heating and cooling technician who can determine the proper size and right product for your home and climate.
Air-Source Heat Pumps
Air-source systems are the most commonly installed heat pumps. They have two parts: an indoor unit (air handler) and an outdoor unit (heat pump). A refrigerant, which circulates between the two units through tubing, absorbs and releases heat as it moves back and forth.
New air-source heat pumps can reduce your heating costs by about 50 percent over electric furnaces and baseboard heaters. They also dehumidify better than standard central air conditioners, so your home will be more comfortable in warmer, muggier months.
In the past, air-source heat pumps were more appropriate for warmer climates. But in recent years, the technology has improved, so they’re now viable for colder regions, such as the upper parts of the Northeast and Midwest. However, you will need an auxiliary heating system if temperatures in your area drop below 10 degrees F to 25 degrees F (depending on your system’s size).
Split-Ductless Heat Pumps
Split-ductless heat pumps have two units: an outdoor compressor/condenser and one to four indoor air handlers. The quiet indoor units are installed high on a wall or on the ceiling, and are operated by a remote control. Also called mini splits, the systems circulate refrigerant through tubing that connects the indoor and outdoor units.
Split-ductless systems don’t require ductwork, so they are practical for single-room additions or for homes without ducts. Mini splits also avoid the energy losses associated with ductwork, which can account for more than 30 percent of a home’s energy consumption for space conditioning. Plus, they offer design flexibility (although some homeowners don’t like the look of the indoor units).
The cost of installing a split-ductless heat pump with multiple indoor units can be higher than other systems, but federal and other incentives can defray the initial installation cost.
Geothermal Heat Pumps
Geothermal heat pumps (also called ground and water source) move heat through a series of pipes buried vertically or horizontally in loops outdoors. The pipes contain a water solution, which is warmed by the constant 50 to 60 degree F temperature of the ground, pond or well, and is circulated into and out of your house.
Geothermal heat pumps, which also control humidity, can reduce your home’s energy use by 25 percent to 50 percent when compared with a conventional heating and cooling system. Plus, they are quiet, long lasting (indoor units last about 25 years and loops about 50 years), require little maintenance and are effective in extreme climates.
However, geothermal is not practical for small lots and certain soil conditions, and installation is costly—$20,000 to $25,000 for a 2,500-square-foot home, or several times that of an air-source system. However, federal and local incentives can drop the initial cost considerably, and you are paid back in energy savings in five to 10 years.
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What to Know Before You Buy
Climate
New heat pumps work efficiently in many parts of the country, but especially in places without wide temperature swings and moderate heating and cooling needs. But if you live in an area with extremely cold temperatures, below 10 degrees F to 25 degrees F depending on system size, you will need an auxiliary heating system.
Energy Efficiency
The cooling efficiency for air-source and ductless-split systems is measured by SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio). The federal minimum standard is 13 SEER for new units for homes in the Northeast, Midwest, Mountain States and Pacific Northwest; for the rest of the country, the minimum is 14 SEER.
The heating efficiency of air-source and ductless-splits systems is measured by HSPF (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor). The minimum federal HSPF rating for all units is 7.7.
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Heat Pump Systems Compare High-Quality Advantages & Disadvantages 2021
In warmer climates, a higher SEER is more important, but in colder climates, a higher HSPF is better. According to the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, you should consider buying a heat pump that is at least 15 SEER and 8.5 HSPF. The most-efficient Energy Star-rated heat pumps are 18 to 27.5 SEER and 8.5 to 12.5 HSPF.
A geothermal heat pump’s cooling efficiency is rated by EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) and its heating efficiency by COP (Coefficient of Performance). Based on type, the federal EER minimums are 17.1 to 21.1 and the COP minimums are 3.1 to 4.1.
Typically, the higher the rating, the higher the system’s cost. You can spend several thousand dollars more for a more efficient heat pump. But, depending on where you live, you could save $115 a year or more on your utility bill by replacing your older heating and cooling system with an Energy Star-rated product.
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Sizing
Size is also important. If a heat pump is undersized or oversized, it won’t heat or cool effectively and will increase your energy bills. And your home may not feel comfortable. A unit that’s too big will cost more upfront, and will cycle on and off too many times, shortening its life.
Work with a heating and cooling professional, who should use an Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual J calculation to determine the right size. The calculation takes into consideration your home’s foundation, wall thicknesses, insulation values, windows, air filtration and more.
Tax Credits and Rebates
Likewise, some states and utilities offer credits and rebates on geothermal systems, and smaller federal credits and utility rebates are available for other heat pumps, too. Visit the federally funded NC Clean Energy Technology Center’s website for a state-by-state list of available incentives.
Other Considerations
Don’t buy a new heat pump until you make the rest of your home is as energy efficient as possible, because that will allow you to buy a smaller, less expensive system.
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Boosting Your Heat Pump’s Efficiency
A heat pump won’t work as well, or provide as much annual energy savings as it should, unless the rest of your home is efficient, too. So, before you buy a heat pump, consider:
• Adding insulation to your attic and walls.
• Adding weather stripping around doors and caulk around windows.
Properly sealing the ductwork throughout your home.
• Properly insulating the ducts in crawlspaces and attics.
• Installing and setting programmable thermostats to automatically lower the temperature at night in the cooler months and raise it in the warmer months, and adjust the temperature while you are away. Programmable thermostats can save you 10 percent annually on your energy bills.
Key Features
Noise Output
Fans and compressors can be noisy, so select an air-source heat pump with a sound rating of 7.6 bels or lower. Also, locate the outdoor unit away from windows and consider positioning it on a noise-absorbing base. In addition, protect the outdoor unit from high winds, which can cause defrosting problems. Placing a shrub or a fence upwind of the coils will help.
Demand-Defrost Control
Frost accumulation on the heat pump’s outdoor unit can impede energy efficiency and compromise indoor comfort. So, select a model with a demand-defrost control. This feature will minimize defrost cycles, making your system more energy and cost efficient.
Reverse Cycle Chiller
A heat pump with a reverse cycle chiller allows you to pair it with a wide variety of heating and cooling distribution systems, and it can help make your home more comfortable. The technology can also lower your winter electric bills, and is especially economical in all-electric homes.
What are the benefits of a heat pump when used with solar electricity?
Home with a solar panel array on the roof
The benefit of solar panels is that during the day when the sun is shining, your rooftop panels are harvesting solar energy and converting that energy to be used in your home as electricity. In many homes, power generated by the array that is not used in the home is credited back to you by your electric utility company and is used to offset your electric bill at the end of each month. Most homes will still have an electricity bill for power used overnight, during storms, or during periods of high use such as very hot periods of summer.
However, your heat pump is powered by electricity – and when you pair solar panels for electricity with heat pumps for heat (which use electricity for power), you are heating your home for an average of about 9 cents per kWh vs. 14.5 cents per kWh without solar, effectively reducing your cost to run your heat pump by almost 40% annually.
Is it true that heat pumps stop working when it gets very cold out
Heat Pump Systems Compare High-Quality Advantages & Disadvantages
True North Service Technician with a Heat Pump Condenser Unit
Yes – but it would have to get very, very cold for a heat pump to stop working entirely.
Different models of heat pumps have different ratings for how cold it can be before they stop being effective. For the sake of this example, we will use the rating for a Mitsubishi Hyper Heat™ heat pump, which is rated to provide sufficient heat output down to -13 degrees Fahrenheit.
Heat pumps are rated for “output.” In this example, when it is 30 degrees out, a heat pump will easily produce 100% of its output at the highest efficiency. However, as temperatures start dropping, output starts dropping as well – and when output starts dropping, the heat pump will “work harder” to keep your home at temperature. Much like having to put your foot on the gas to get your car up a steep hill, this is where efficiency rates of heat pumps start to drop – more energy is used to produce less output. Price and other details may vary based on size and color
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Heat Pump Systems Compare High-Quality Advantages & Disadvantages 2021
With the Mitsubishi Hyper Heat™ heat pump, the efficiency rate will start to drop at around 2 degrees Fahrenheit. At -2 degrees, you will get around 87% of the unit’s output. And at -13 degrees, you will get around 76% of the unit’s output. It is unclear at what temperature the unit will stop working entirely – we haven’t yet had a day cold enough to demonstrate that with the Hyper Heat™ heat pumps, though some Mitsubishi documentation suggests a stopping point of -18 degrees.
In older houses with less insulation, large amounts of heat loss, or drafts, a heat pump will also need to work harder to accommodate the rapid loss of heat due to these issues. However, newer homes often have outstanding insulation and are built to prevent heat loss – in these cases, the heat created by a heat pump is kept inside the home and helps the heat pump perform with greater efficiency.
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What is a heat pump and how does it work?
Heat pumps transfer heat by circulating a substance called a refrigerant through a cycle of evaporation and condensation. A compressor pumps the refrigerant between two heat exchanger coils. In one coil, the refrigerant is evaporated at low pressure and absorbs heat from its surroundings.
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Runner-upLow noise levelLow noise level
Senville SENL-12CD Mini Split Air Conditioner Heat Pump, 12000 BTU 19 SEER4.7 out of 5 stars $799.99If you’re looking for a unit that has it all and costs a fraction of what the big guns are going …If you’re looking for a unit that has it all and costs a fraction of what the big guns are going …
what is a heat pump
A heat pump is a device used to warm the interior of a building or heat domestic hot water by transferring thermal energy from a cooler space to a warmer space using the refrigeration cycle, being the opposite direction in which heat transfer would take place without the application of external power.
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Do you really save money with a heat pump?
What is the benefit of having a heat pump? Heat pumps do in fact save your money on energy costs. … This means lower electricity bills for a comfortable home – heat pumps are very inexpensive to run, increasing your electric bill by an average of $75 monthly per heat pump that is constantly running in the home.
What are the disadvantages of a heat pump? Disadvantages
- High Upfront Cost. Heat pumps have a large upfront cost, but on the other hand, their operating costs translate to long-term savings on energy bills and lead to a path of reduced carbon emissions.
- Difficult to Install. …
- Questionable Sustainability. …
- Significant Work. …
- Cold Weather. …
- Carbon Neutral. …
- Planning Permissions.
What temperature is a heat pump not effective?
The optimal temperature range for conventional air source heat pump operation is above 25 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit. The heat pump begins to lose efficiency once temperatures dip to 40 degrees and is no longer the most efficient heating option once temperatures fall to 25 to 30 degrees.
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heat pump system
Heat pumps offer an energy-efficient alternative to furnaces and air conditioners for all climates. Like your refrigerator, heat pumps use electricity to transfer heat from a cool space to a warm space, making the cool space cooler and the warm space warmer.
How does a heat pump system work?
A heat pump is a versatile, efficient cooling and heating system. … Air is blown over an evaporator coil, transferring heat energy from the air to the refrigerant. That heat energy is circulated in the refrigerant to a condenser coil, where it is released as a fan blows air across the coil.
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how does a heat pump work
How does a heat pump work step by step?
To provide heat, a heat pump works by extracting heat from the air outside of your home and transferring it to refrigeration coolant – the coolant is then compressed, which increases the temperature significantly; the coolant is then moved to the indoor unit of the heeat pump, which then passes air over the hot coolant,
How does a heat pump work in winter?
How does a heeat pump work? Heat pump’s heat a home by extracting warmth from outside, transferring it into your home. When it’s warm outside, it reverses directions and acts like an air conditioner, removing heat from your home. Heat pumps are an efficient way to heat your room during winter.
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